![]() ![]() The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules. Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The color-codes used in this space-filling model also follow the CPK coloring convention. The spheres are made proportionate to the relative sizes of atoms and provide a clear insight about the actual appearance and space occupied by each atom if scaled to visible size. The spheres, however, mask the chemical bonds and the bond angles present between the atoms. The space-filling model is more realistic and utilizes full-sized spheres to represent the atoms. The colors are assigned to comply with the CPK coloring convention introduced by the chemists Robert Corey, Linus Pauling, and Walter Koltun. For example, white, black, and red balls represent hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen atoms, respectively. The balls are typically color-coded to distinguish atoms of different elements. The distance between the centers of each ball is proportional to the exact distance between the corresponding atomic nuclei. Sticks or rods connecting the spheres represent the chemical bonds, and the angle between the rods matches the bond angle within the actual compound. Two or three rods typically represent double and triple bonds, respectively. The ball-and-stick model utilizes spheres or balls to depict atoms. These models are built as either physical objects, made of plastic or wood, or virtual computer simulations. The ball-and-stick model and space-filling model are two standard types of molecular models that show the geometric arrangement of atoms in a chemical compound. The composition and molecular architecture of a chemical substance can be effectively visualized and better understood by using three-dimensional molecular models. ![]()
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